1 - PhD. Professor and Head of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic of Hospital Ipiranga; Head of the Shoulder and Elbow Groups of Hospital Ipiranga and of the ABC
Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
2 - PhD. Professor and Attending Physician in the Shoulder and Elbow Group, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
3 - MSc in Orthopedics; Attending Physician in the Shoulder and Elbow Group, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
4 - Attending Physician in the Shoulder and Elbow Group, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
5 - Trainee Physician in Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, ABC Medical School, Santo André, SP, and Hospital Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Work performed in the Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School. Director: Prof. Dr. Carlo Milani. Correspondence: Rua Traipu 1269, Pacaembu, 01235-000 São Paulo, SP. E-mail: jd.mura@uol.com.br
Work received for publication: May 25, 2011; accepted for publication: August 31, 2011.
Injuries to the tendons of the rotator cuff are among the commonest causes of pain and functio-nal impotence in adults' shoulders(1,2). These injuries may occur in one of the tendons in isolation, and the commonest of these is injuries of the supraspinatus tendon(3), which is inserted into the greater tubercle, is around 16 mm in length and is microscopically subdivided into five distinct layers(4,5).
These injuries can be classified as partial or complete. Although it has been reported in the literature that these injuries are common among patients over the age of 60 years, such patients are in many cases asymptomatic(3,6).
Surgical treatment for rotator cuff injuries is indi-cated if conservative treatment fails(3,7,8). Arthroscopic repair of the injury is one of the possibilities and, with the evolution of this technique, it is becoming increasingly popular(1,3,9).
Arthroscopic repairs to small and medium-sized injuries to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle have excellent results, and 84% of the cases maintain the integrity of the repair(10). Integrity of the repair leads to better function, mobility and strength, in com-parison with cases that present renewed tearing of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle(8,11).
The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and functional results from arthroscopic repairs to small and medium-sized injuries to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, with a minimum follow-up of two years.
SAMPLE AND METHODS
Between February 2002 and July 2008, the Shoulder and Elbow Group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the ABC Medical School treated 216 patients with isolated injuries of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, arthroscopically. The case inclusion criteria that we used were that the patients should present isolated injuries to this tendon and should not have had any previous surgical treatment, and that the tears should be classified as small or medium (lesions of less than 3 cm, in accordance with DeOrio and Cofield(12) and Gartsman(13)), with confirmation by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Patients who had undergone previous surgical procedures were not included, nor were cases with less than two years of postoperative follow-up. Eighty-seven patients were excluded because they were lost from the follow-up. Thus, 129 cases were reassessed retrospectively, among which 48 were male and 81 were female, with a mean age of 55 years, ranging from 38 to 80 years; the dominant limb was affected in 94 cases. The pain had begun insidiously in 102 patients and after an episode of trauma in 27. The length of time with pain resulting from the injury to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, until the surgery was performed, ranged from one to 204 months (mean of 29 months). These patients presented mean active elevation of 136º (ranging from 60 to 160º), measured using a manual goniometer(14). The functional assessment performed before the operation according to the scale of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)15), ranged from 8 to 31 points (mean of 17 points).
All the cases underwent arthroscopic repair of the lesion in the deckchair position. Suturing was perfor-med using metal anchors and ultra-resistant thread. In 62 of these cases (48%), we observed abnormalities of the tendon of the long head of the brachial biceps mus-cle (LHB tendon), which included complete absence of the tendon, partial lesions, thickening and instability in the bicipital sulcus. In all the cases in which the ten-don was not completely torn (61 cases), tenotomy was performed. In 14 of these, this was done in association with tenodesis, by means of a suturing technique with an anchor or an interference screw.
Acromioplasty was performed routinely in all the patients. In the cases with symptomatic arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint, we resected the distal ex-tremity of the clavicle, by means of an arthroscopic technique. All the lesions were measured before the operation, by means of magnetic resonance, and du-ring the operation with the aid of calipers measuring in millimeters.
Complete repair of the lesion was possible in all the cases. In 24 cases, tendon-to-tendon stitches had to be used: in 10 of these, with a single stitch; in 11 cases, two stitches; and in three cases, three stitches. The mean number of anchors used was two (ranging from one to three).
During the postoperative period, all the patients were immobilized using a sling. For the first six weeks, the patients were allowed to make flexion-extension movements of the elbow and passive lateral rotation up to the pain threshold. After this period, the immobilization was withdrawn and the patients started to do passive and assisted active stretching exercises in order to gain active range of motion of the shoulder. After the fourth postoperative month, muscle strengthening exercises for the rotator cuff and scapular belt were started.
The final functional results were evaluated in accor-dance with the UCLA functional scale. For the statistical analysis, the LogXact 6.2 (LogXact, Cytel Software, Cambridge, USA) and Minitab v13 (Minitab, Pennsyl-vania, USA) computer software was used. By means of the paired Student's t test, we sought to assess whether there was any statistically significant difference in the UCLA functional scores regarding pre and postopera-tive mobility. We used univariate exact binary logistic regression models to investigate whether there was any relationship between unsatisfactory results and longer duration of preoperative pain or between unsatisfactory results and performing tenotomy procedures, with or without tenodesis of the LHB tendon.
RESULTS
The minimum length of follow-up was 24 months and the maximum was 72 months (mean of 39 months). According to the UCLA classification system, 75 cases (58%) had excellent results (Figure 1), 42 cases (32%) good, 10 (7.7%) fair and two (2.3%) poor. Thus, we found that 90% of the functional results were satisfactory, with a mean score of 32 points (ranging from 13 to 35 points). According to the paired Student's t test, there was a statistically significant functional improvement (P < 0.05), compared with the preoperative assessment (Table 1).
The mean final active elevation was 156º (ranging from 40 to 160º), with a mean gain of 20º. The mean final lateral rotation was 57º (ranging from 10 to 80º), with a mean gain of 9º. There was a mean gain in medial rotation of three vertebral levels. According to the paired Student's t test, all these results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) (Table 2).
The patients who underwent other procedures, such as resection of the lateral extremity of the clavi-cle, tenotomy and tenodesis of the LHB tendon, did not present statistically inferior functional results, in relation to those who only underwent acromioplasty and lesion repair (P = 1.00).
Figure 1 - (A) Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, showing complete tearing
of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle; (B) postoperative magnetic resonance
imaging, showing healing of the tendon; (C) and (D) elevation and lateral rotation one
year after the operation, with UCLA = 35.
Table 1 - Results according to UCLA assessment criteria.
Source: Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School.
Table 2 - Mean pre and postoperative mobility.
Source: Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School.
Figure 1 - (A) Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, showing complete tearing of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle; (B) postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, showing healing of the tendon; (C) and (D) elevation and lateral rotation one year after the operation, with UCLA = 35.
Table 1 - Results according to UCLA assessment criteria.
Source: Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School.
Table 2 - Mean pre and postoperative mobility.
Source: Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School.
In our study, there was no statistically significant difference in the final result, with regard to the length of time with pain in relation to any of the variables studied except for the measurements of final medial rotation, which were shown to be greater in cases with shorted length of time with pain, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.02).
Fourteen cases (10.8%) presented postoperative complications. Two cases had intercurrences during the immediate postoperative period (post-blockage pleural effusion and neuropraxia of the median nerve), which presented complete resolution by the 12th week after the operation and satisfactory final results (good or excellent results, according to the UCLA scale). Two cases were individuals with work-related proble-ms and, despite all the efforts, they had poor results (UCLA 13 and 15). Six patients (4.6%) developed adhesive capsulitis: four of them improved with serial blockage of the suprascapular nerve and achieved a satisfactory final score (UCLA greater than or equal to 29); one case achieved a fair final result (UCLA 23); and one other case had a poor result (UCLA 15). Four cases (3.1%) evolved with renewed tearing, and this was confirmed by means of a new magnetic resonance imaging examination that was requested after the ope-ration for patients who continued to have complaints of pain despite the therapeutic measures, or when the clinical improvement was interrupted by the return of pain (in one of these cases). In one of these cases, the lesion was shown to be partial, and the result remained satisfactory (UCLA 28), while the other three presen-ted complete tears that evolved with unsatisfactory or fair results (UCLA 19, 23 and 27), the first two of these underwent revision arthroscopy for repairs after the diagnosis (Table 3 and Figure 2).
Table 3 - Complications, treatment and final result.
Source: Discipline of Diseases of the Locomotor Apparatus, ABC Medical School.
AC = adhesive capsulitis; SS = suprascapular; Re-RCI = renewed tearing of rotator cuff injury.
Figure 2 - (A) Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, showing atrophy of the muscle
belly of the supraspinatus; (B) postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, showing
renewed tearing of the tendon of the supraspinatus, with UCLA = 10.
DISCUSSION
Although there are studies that have shown that there were no differences in the functional results from surgical treatment on the LHB tendon, between different lesion sizes(7,10,16-19), we believe that the chances of renewed tearing become greater with increasing lesion size. This does not necessarily mean that patients will evolve with pain or a poor functional result, but they will at least present diminished strength in the affected limb and some degree of functional limitation, which may change the scoring on any functional scale(8,10,16,19).
For this reason, we decided in this study to evalua-te and compare the functional results only from cases with small and medium-sized lesions(12,13). In previous studies, it was observed that patients who originally had a lesion of size greater than 3 cm presented a sevenfold greater chance of evolving with renewed tearing during the follow-up. These patients did not present statistical differences with regard to the issues of pain and functional result, but they showed dimini-
shed elevation strength and lateral rotation(19). Other authors identified that cases with extensive lesions presented worse functional results, compared with cases with small and medium-sized lesions(20).
Another study showed that patients whose repairs remained anatomically intact presented greater gains of elevation strength than shown by patients who evolved with renewed tearing, although without any difference in the final results relating to pain and pa-tient satisfaction(16). In cases in which the integrity of the rotator cuff repair was maintained, there was a statistically significant improvement in functional results. Lesions were classified as small if they were less than 1 cm in size. Out of the 19 cases studied with lesions smaller than 3 cm in size, integrity was maintained in 84% of them, thus giving credibility to arthroscopic repair for these types of lesions(10).
In our study, we found that 90% of the results were satisfactory, among which 58% were excellent and 32% were good, according to the UCLA functional scale. This satisfaction index was similar to what was found in the literature(1,7,8,21-26). Although our results were similar to what was found in the literature, two of the four cases that suffered renewed tearing of the supraspinatus (as shown by magnetic resonance ima-ging) presented unsatisfactory functional results, with complaints of pain and dissatisfaction with the results.
In 1982, Neviaser et al(23) commented on the re-lationship between rotator cuff injuries and lesions of the LHB tendon, and other authors have shown an association between such injuries and instability of the LHB tendon(1,3,7,16,17,27,28). In our study, among the 129 cases of rotator cuff injury that underwent operations, 62 (48%) presented abnormalities of the LHB tendon and, except for one case that presented complete tearing of this tendon, all of them underwent tenotomy. In 14 cases, this was done in association with tenodesis of this tendon. The cases in which these procedures were performed presented functional re-sults similar to those in which these procedures were not performed (P = 1.00). This leads us to believe, at least from our study, that performing tenotomy (with or without associated tenodesis) does not impair the final functional result for these patients.
Although Gartsman and O'Connor(29) did not de-monstrate any statistically different results in com-paring cases of rotator cuff repair with or without associated acromioplasty, we preferred to perform
acromioplasty in all the cases at our clinic, since we believe that this is a procedure that does not add much time to the surgery and that, in the hands of experien-ced individuals, it presents low morbidity.
Thus, on average, our cases presented a statisti-cally significant improvement in joint mobility and in the functional result, as confirmed by the paired Student's t test. The mean active elevation achieved by our patients improved from 136º to 157º. The late-ral rotation increased from 48º to 57º and the medial rotation showed a mean gain of three vertebral levels. The functional evaluation using the UCLA scale went from an initial mean of 17 points to a score of 32 points at the final assessment.
Regarding the complications observed in our stu-dy, six cases (4.6%) evolved with adhesive capsulitisand four of them improved satisfactorily with serial blockage of the suprascapular nerve. We also found four cases (3.1%) of renewed tearing of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, as confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. One case suffered another trauma during the postoperative period and the other three cases presented spontaneous renewed tearing even though the entire postoperative protocol had been followed properly.
CONCLUSIONS
Arthroscopic repair on the small and medium-sized injuries to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle provided clinical and function improvements, such that 90% of the results were excellent or good.
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