Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Introduction
Degenerative arthropathy of the rotator cuff is the collapse of the glenohumeral joint secondary to chronic massive rotator cuff injury. It causes elevation of the humeral head, joint destruction, synovial fluid changes, subchondral cysts, flattening of the greater tubercle, osteophytes, acetabularization of the coracoacromial arch, and osteopenia1,2 (Fig. 1). It manifests as pain, crepitus, and decreased range of motion.3
Pyogenic arthritis of the shoulder is characterized by an inflammatory process of infectious origin affecting the glenohumeral joint. Hematogenic route is the most common cause. However, other causes include contiguity, previous surgery, or intra-articular injection.4,5
Septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint is relatively rare, representing 10–15% of all joint infections, and can lead to severe residual limitation with potentially fatal implications.6 The most commonly found pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus, and their enzymes may destroy the auricular cartilage within 24–48 h.7
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that correlate both conditions. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of septic glenohumeral arthritis in patients with rotator cuff arthropathy, as well as to highlight the importance of correct diagnosis of infection and early adequate treatment to prevent irreversible changes to both the bone and surrounding soft tissues.
Methodology
Between May 2009 and March 2014, seven patients with rotator cuff arthropathy developed septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint and underwent surgical treatment by surgical drainage and systemic antibiotic therapy to the infecting germ. Eight surgical procedures were performed: four patients were male and three were female, whose age ranged from 53 to 93 years (mean 74 years). Associated comorbidities were investigated, and patients were evaluated using the UCLA functional scale three months after the procedure. Six patients were subjected to arthroscopic procedure by combining arthroscopic irrigation and debridement and one was treated with open arthrotomy. The mean interval from symptom onset to surgical debridement was six weeks (range: 15–70 days).
Laboratory tests, X-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging were used as diagnostic methods, as well as intraoperative joint puncture (Fig. 2). Pyogenic arthritis of the shoulder was confirmed by histologic analysis and culture of the material collected during surgery.
Surgical technique
Ofthe eightjointsurgeries, seven were conducted arthroscopically. Arthroscopic debridement ofthe glenohumeral joint was performed with patient under general anesthesia over beach chair positioning. An arthroscope with 30 ? angular inclination was introduced through the posterior portal and an initial inspection of the joint was made. Then, a second anterosuperior portal was created in the rotator interval and the joint was irrigated with 10 L ofsaline solution. Through the anterior portal, a motorized shaver blade was introduced for debridement of the inflamed synovium and of the articular fibrotic tissue. A third lateral portal was created for debridement of the subacromial space.
An open arthrotomy was performed with the patient under general anesthesia over beach chair positioning, using the deltopectoral approach and dissection by layers until joint exploration; devitalized tissue was removed and the joint was irrigated with 10 L of saline solution.
Results
All seven patients in the study had comorbidities: five had type 2 diabetes mellitus, one had chronic liver disease, four had
in four patients, and Escherichia coli was observed in one case. The two patients who presented negative cultures were using oral antibiotics.
In six cases, the infection was eradicated with only one surgical procedure. In one patient, a second arthroscopy was necessary due to infection recurrence. Mean follow-up was 12.2 months (6–24). Mean UCLA score at time oflast follow-up was 22 points (15–29). Only one patient was not satisfied with the result.
Discussion
The term “Milwaukee shoulder syndrome” was first used in 1981 to describe four elderly women in Milwaukee, in the state of Wisconsin, United States, who presented with recurrent bilateral shoulder effusions, radiographic evidence of severe destructive alterations in the glenohumeral joint, and massive rotator cuff injuries.8,9
Patients with rotator cuffarthropathy have significant pain, functional limitation, and strength reduction.4 When these patients develop glenohumeral septic arthritis superimposed by a rotator cuff injury, the pre-existing symptoms may mask the infection.
The authors of the present study believe that infection should be suspected in any patient with a progressive painful condition that primarily affects the shoulder in the presence of elevated inflammatory markers (WBC, CRP, and ESR). History ofprevious shoulder procedure, whether an infiltration or previous surgery, with subsequent progression of symptoms, should only increase suspicion.
Early diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint is essential to prevent irreversible changes to the bone or surrounding soft tissues, thereby avoiding compromising the results of other surgical procedures that may be necessary.10–12 Jeon et al.,10 in their retrospective study, demonstrated the safety and efficacy of arthroscopic treatment in 19 patients diagnosed with pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Patients who underwent surgery within two weeks of arthroscopic lavage had better outcomes than those who had symptoms for a longer time. Those authors also observed a high proportion of medical comorbidities, such as diabetes, previous infiltrations in the shoulder, and pre-existing rotator cuff injuries in their sample. However, in that study, the authors did not mention a direct association between the massive rotator cuffinjury and pyogenic arthritis.
Arthroscopical treatment of septic arthritis of the shoulder with lavage and debridement has been reported in selected cases after the early diagnostic of infection.11,12 In turn, an open surgical approach is more commonly performed in cases of late diagnosis or late stages of infection.13
Duncan et al. advocate the early detection and proper treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint in order to prevent irreversible changes to the bone and surrounding soft tissues.11
Abdel et al.14 observed that most patients with septic arthritis are elderly, immunocompromised, and present increased inflammatory markers. Patients and surgeons should be aware that one in three patients requires additional surgery after primary arthroscopy. In this literature review, no other studies correlating rotator cuff arthropathy with pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint were retrieved. As strengths of the present study, the sample indicated an association that had not been described in the literature, and shows the importance ofearly diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joints in patients with rotator cuff arthropathy.
As weaknesses, the small sample size and the short followup time in some patients are noteworthy. Also, as the UCLA questionnaire was not applied preoperatively, comparison of clinical outcomes pre and post-treatment was not possible.
Conclusion
Pyogenic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint should be suspected in patients with rotator cuff arthropathy associated with subclinical and/or laboratory alterations. Surgical treatment should be conducted as early as possible, whether open or arthroscopically.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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